Why a Dark Future Demands Urban Leadership
This article first appeared on Bloomberg City Lab. MMC engages in content partnerships with several organizations, and cross-posting does not indicate an endorsement or agreement.
In April, the New York Times headlined its editorial about the U.S. National Intelligence Council’s quadrennial Global Trends report in stark terms: “Why Spy Agencies Say the Future is Bleak.”
In the 144-page report, Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World, U.S. intelligence analysts lay out a hazardous future in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, envisioning scenarios of dystopian technological surveillance, climate-change-provoked political instability, and fierce geopolitical competition between the United States and China.
This isn’t news — the eagerness with which many in 2020 looked forward to 2021 shouldn’t be confused with general optimism for the state of the world two decades out. But another headline could be crafted out of this rigorous analysis of unsettling long-term trends: “Why Spy Agencies Say the Future Is Urban.”
While the challenges to governance at all levels — whether it be the collapse of identity at the national level or finance at the local — sit at the heart of much of the report’s analysis, they also lead to perhaps the most striking governance-related conclusion. “Cities and subnational governments have greater ability than national governments to create and lead multisectoral networks involving various levels of government, private sector, and civil society.” The report continues: “Local and city governments — increasingly organized into networks — will take action on international issues such as climate change and migration, getting ahead of national governments in some cases.”
Global Trends is the flagship foresight publication of the U.S. intelligence community. Its authors — experts with decades of experience and from an array of backgrounds — get input from more than a dozen different U.S. intelligence agencies, and also consult with outside experts. (As a former State Department official who has also worked with a number of city-focused policy research platforms, I served as a consultant on global urban issues.) While public facing, NIC reports are widely used across the federal government. But they are not normative or prescriptive, and thus read very differently from the policy reports put out by nonprofits, philanthropies, think tanks and universities. Intelligence analysts do not describe the world as it should be, nor can they describe the policy steps needed to make it so. Forced to hold their tongues on recommendations, intelligence officials are also unburdened of the complicated relationship between analysis and policy proposals, making Global Trends a particularly valuable document for those interested in figuring out exactly how best to prepare for a very challenging future.
Just about every long-term trend identified by the National Intelligence Council, from a growing urban middle class to rising sea levels, has major implications for cities and urban life, but the report goes further, addressing head-on both cities and key issues around urbanization.
Like previous National Intelligence Council reports and similar reports published by the Department of State, Global Trends 2040 looks at global urbanization trends, predicting that nearly two-thirds of the world’s population will be living in cities by 2040, “with nearly all of that growth in the developing world.” But these broad demographic statements are complemented by specific attention to key cities and regions. It’s in the urban contexts explored and developed, rather than mere numbers, that the report represents a paradigmatic change.
Moving beyond previous high-level analysis, the NIC also considers urbanization in historical context, pointing out the divergent experiences — as World Bank research has also shown — between previous periods of urbanization and that now being experienced in Africa and Asia. (More attention could be paid to the centrality of informal development in many Global South economies, and the diverse ways its practices are creating vibrant urban spaces.) The report also considers the long-term economic needs facing cities as they grapple with climate change, migration and food security. “Cities in the developing world,” report the authors, “are likely to face significant financing gaps for infrastructure development and climate change adaptation. In addition, urbanization is likely to exacerbate urban-rural societal divides, while the expanding role for local and city governance may undermine policy coherence when local and national strategies for problem solving diverge.”
This attention to urban finance acknowledges both implicitly and explicitly the role of cities as essential actors in shaping the 21st century. That’s a noteworthy analytical shift for the U.S. intelligence community, and a step-change in the intellectual history of urbanization. Over the last 15 years, cities have moved from arenas, to potential partners, and now to policy leaders and implementers.
That cities are at the forefront of collective action and policy innovation is not breaking news; the world’s largest and most-resourced intelligence community saying so in its flagship public-facing publication is. Indeed, in this report, the National Intelligence Council has probably gone further in its conclusion relating to city leadership on the global stage than any national government.
This is not the vote on international issues some global city organizations, such as as United Cities and Local Governments and the Mayors Migration Council, have sought, but it is a striking affirmation of decades of city diplomacy, policy innovation, network building and mayoral leadership. The catch, of course, as the report’s title indicates, is that cities have taken their seat at the international table just in time to help guide a contested world.
The National Intelligence Council explores five future scenarios, most grim. In one of these, democracy flourishes, while in another, China and Europe reshape global diplomacy. In the other three, competition and conflict dominate as collective action in the face of shared challenges withers. One such scenario: “[A] directionless world in which international rules of behavior are no longer followed, global cooperation is limited, and technolo y fails to provide solutions.” Another one: “Separating economies has dire consequences, including massive financial losses for countries and corporations, as supply chains fracture, markets are lost, and once lucrative sectors, like travel and tourism, decline.”
The striking prominence of urban challenges in all these scenarios means that cities are more implicated in, and tied to, the rest of the NIC’s findings. In other words, city leaders need to think systematically about how these possible futures will manifest themselves in cities and urban areas. This can be done locally, through outreach to organizations the World Affairs Councils, and local think tanks and universities; it can be done at scale, through platforms like the U.S. Conference of Mayors that maintain strong connections to the foreign policy world; and it can be done through partnership with international, urban-focused research agendas being advanced at universities and think tanks around the world. Just as importantly, it also means, if the NIC is right, that city leaders need to continue to play the role they have recently established for themselves in shaping those futures.
Foresight aside, we have more certainty about the world we live in now. It was noteworthy that the White House’s Leaders Summit on Climate in April included mayoral voices. As emerging research and the ongoing IPCC Sixth Assessment Report make clear, they are facing a climate crisis more dire than previously understood, along with a cascade of other challenges that we won’t be able to predict . The NIC confirms what many urban leaders already knew: Cities have arrived at the global party. But it’s going to be a riotous, chaotic, and rapidly evolving one.
Ian Klaus is senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs and co-author of Summary for Urban Policymakers: What the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C Means for Cities. Previously he was senior adviser for global cities at the U.S. Department of State.
